Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. [36] Historians of the German Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state; the patriotic novelist, Wilhelm Raabe, wrote: "The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway"[37] Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes . It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression." Download The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I - 11 PDF German unification was the sole goal of Prussia's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. SEOUL, South Korea . German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan, having witnessed Bismarck's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag (State Parliament), a relationship characterized by Bismarck's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives. [40] Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. This is considered the basis for Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik. 10th grade. German economist Friedrich List called the railways and the Customs Union "Siamese Twins", emphasizing their important relationship to one another. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. This limited union under Prussia would have almost eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". Denis Mack Smith (editor). It realized the Kleindeutsche Lsung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Grodeutsche Lsung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. After the revolutions of 1848 there were increasing ties between nationalism and conservatism, His talent and place as one of the great romantic composers is often overshadowed by his virulent anti-Semitism, having claimed that Jews were "the evil conscience of our modern civilization." History. [13] Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through inheritance and war. Wagner hoped that by the time the overture reached its crescendo, the music would have suitably "unified" the audience. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict between and among German-speakers from throughout Central Europe. Furthermore, since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon, he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. 9-8 Points Thesis is clearly stated and addresses BOTH statesmen and compares and contrasts their methods of unification. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. [77], Opposition to Prussia's strong-armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. [109] However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. That Obama wanted Merkel to stay on during what he foresaw would be a chaotic period under Trump was not only due to her formidable skills - it was. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. After the victory over Austria in 1866, Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests, while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans. In James Retallack, ed., Saxony in German History: Culture, Society, and Politics, 1830-1933. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? However, proponents of Kleindeutsch, Lesser Germany, argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria. Kaplan, in particular, pp. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January, with the city being "ineffectually bombarded". So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. [5] The experience of German-speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. .We need a powerful ruling house. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. While many spoke about the need for a constitution, no such document appeared from the discussions. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. By 1914, the SPD's 3 million members made it the largest party in Germany. Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. On 18 November 1863, he signed the Danish November Constitution which replaced The Law of Sjlland and The Law of Jutland, which meant the new constitution applied to the Duchy of Schleswig. [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria's sphere of influence in Central Europe, thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate.[73]. [117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. High-performance computing with distributed processing units to build a platform based cloud solution for quantum chemistry calculations and upper layer use-case applications. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) [103], Victory in the Franco-Prussian War proved the capstone of the unification process. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. The unification of Germany fundamentally altered the delicate "balance of powers" established by the Congress of Vienna with the creation of a large, wealthy, and powerful nation-state in central Europe. Richard Wagner (181383) is one of the most controversial composers of the nineteenth century. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. [2] Following the formal secession from the Empire of the majority of its constituent states, the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.[3]. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. The expulsion of Jews from Russia in the 1880s and 1890s complicated integration into the German public sphere. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the Kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the three independent duchies. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien ber die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews. By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of the area as a rallying cry: Holstein and Lauenburg were largely of German origin and spoke German in everyday life, while Schleswig had a significant Danish population and history. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics. Ukrainian forces repelled numerous Russian attacks in Bakhmut over the past 24 hours, Kyiv said on March 4, despite claims by Moscow's mercenaries that the eastern city that has been the focal . 432; Holt, p. 75. Bismarck sought to link a unified state to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which for some historians remains one of Bismarck's primary contributions to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. They were intended to develop a mythic national history for the new empire, which had no actual political history on which to construct a national identity. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. 9 months ago. Sheehan, pp. [98] The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the French, but the new republic refused to surrender. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. The German question is not a constitutional question, but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. Russia says US, NATO's 'increasing' involvement in Ukraine 'fraught with direct military clash of nuclear powers' Anadolu Agency. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. In this unit, there are two big pieces of content to cover: the unification of Italy and German, as well as New Imperialism. [108], The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. 465 -466 During the first half of the nineteenth century, nationalism was most often connected to liberalism. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. The "Six Articles" of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. This digital interactive notebook for World History & AP Euro . [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. This sheet contains the Summer Assignments and introduces you to the material we will be studying next year The Textbooks: Spielvogel, Jackson J.
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